Features of the energy exchange process in a clustered argon stream at the initiation of radiation by an electron beam


View article
PDF, 1.6 MB


The problems associated with the formation of an external cluster flow that we discov-ered earlier, which is formed in the external field of a traditional supersonic jet and is called the "cluster wake", are discussed. The reasons for the prolonged anomalous glow of the "cluster wake" are investigated. The results of a spectral study of the induced radi-ation of a supersonic clastered argon flow in the region of particle excitation (on an elec-tron beam) and beyond are presented. Anomalies in the glow of a traditional spindle-shaped jet and heavy clusters are discussed. Possible causes of the observed anomalous phenomena are presented on the basis of the above comparisons of the results obtained. The role of the energy exchange of clusters with the background gas in the afterglow of the "cluster wake" is established. The wavelengths and the corresponding transitions in ArI and ArII, which are responsible for the anomalous emission, are determined. The life-times in the excited state of particles in the central part and on the periphery of the clastered flow are determined.

supersonic jet, gas clusters, condensation process, argon, electron-beam diagnostics, in-tracluster energy exchange, «cluster wake»

DOI: http://doi.org/10.33257/PhChGD.23.4.1007


Volume 23, issue 4, 2022 year


Особенности процесса энергообмена в кластированном потоке аргона при инициации излучения электронным пучком

Обсуждены проблемы, связанные с образованием обнаруженного нами ранее внешнего кластерного потока, формирующегося во внешнем поле традиционной сверхзвуковой струи и названного «кластерным следом». Исследованы причины длительного аномального свечения «кластерного следа». Представлены результа-ты спектрального исследования индуцированного излучения сверхзвукового кла-стированного потока аргона в области возбуждении частиц (на электронном пучке) и за её пределами. Обсуждены аномалии в свечении традиционной веретенообраз-ной струи и потока тяжелых кластеров. Представлены возможные причины наблю-даемых аномальных явлений на основе приведенных сравнений полученных ре-зультатов. Установлена роль энергообмена кластеров с фоновым газом в послесве-чении «кластерного следа». Определены длины волн и соответствующие переходы в ArI и ArII, обуславливающие аномальное свечение. Определены времена жизни в возбужденном состоянии частиц в центральной части и на периферии кластирован-ного потока.

сверхзвуковая струя, газовые кластеры, конденсация, аргон, электронно-пучковая диагностика, внутрикластерный энергообмен, «кластерный след»

DOI: http://doi.org/10.33257/PhChGD.23.4.1007


Volume 23, issue 4, 2022 year



1. Ashkenas H.Z., Sherman F.S. The structure and utilization of supersonic free jets in low density wind tunnels Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Proceedings of the 4th RGD Symposium, Academic Press, New York). 1966. Vol.2, 84.
2. Dulov V.G., Lukyanov G.A. Gas dynamics of outflow processes. Publishing house "Nauka", Siberian branch. Novosibirsk, 1984. 235 p.
3. Kislyakov N.I., Rebrov A.K., Sharafutdinov R.G. On the structure of low-density high-pressure jets behind a supersonic nozzle. PMTF. 1975. No. 2. S.42-52.
Kislyakov N.I., Rebrov A.K., Sharafutdinov R.G. Structure of high-pressure low-density jets beyond a supersonic nozzle. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 1975. Vol.16(2) P.187–195, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00858912
4. Gerasimov Yu.I., Yarygin V.N. Outflow of jets of ideal and real gases from axisymmetric nozzles. Questions of similarity 2. Expiration into the flooded space / Physical and chemical kinetics in gas dynamics Electronic journal. 2012. V.13, issue. 2. S.1-26. http://chemphys.edu.ru/issues/2012-13-2/articles/315/
Jet expansion of ideal and real gases from axisymmetric nozzles. similarity matters. 2. Outflow of jets into submerged space
5. Carlson D.J., Lewis C.H. Normal shock location in underexpanded gas and gas-particle jets. AIAA Journal. 1964. Vol.2(4). P.776-777. DOI:10.2514/3.2409
6. Chen G., Boldarev A. S., Geng X., Li X., Cao Y., Wang L., Kim D. E. The radial dimension of a supersonic jet expansion from conical nozzle. AIP Advances. 2016.vol.6. 115015. DOI:10.1063/1.4967782
7. Norman M.L., Smarr L., Winkler K.H.A., Smith M.D. Structure and Dynamics of Supersonic Jets. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1982. Vol.113. P.285-302.
8. Belan M., De Ponte S., Tordella D. Determination of density and concentration from fluores- cent images of a gas flow. Exp. fluids. 2008. Vol.45, P.501-511. DOI 10.1007/s00348-008-0493-5
9. Belan M., De Ponte S., Tordella D., Highly underexpanded jets in the presence of a density jump between an ambient gas and a jet. Physical Review E, 2010. Vol.82, 026303.1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.82.026303
10. Franquet E., Perrier V., Gibout S., Bruel P. Free underexpanded jets in a quiescent medium: A review. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 2015. Vol.77. P.25-53. DOI:10.1016/J.PAEROSCI.2015.06.006
11. Abramovich G.N. Applied gas dynamics. M.: Nauka, 1976. 824 p.
12. Hagena O.F. Nucleation and Growth of Clusters in Expanding Nozzle Flows. Surf. sci. 1981.Vol.106. P.101–116.
13. Hagena O.F., Obert W. Cluster Formation in Expanding Supersonic Jets: Effect of Pressure, Temperature, Nozzle Size, and Test Gas. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1972. Vol.56(5). P.1793-1802. doi:10.1063/1.1677455
14. Obert W. Properties of cluster beams formed with supersonic nozzles. Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Paris: Commissariat a L'Energie Atomique). 1979. Vol.2. P.1181-90.
15. Schütte S., Buck U. Strong fragmentation of large rare gas clusters by high energy electron imp-pact. Int. J. Mass Spectrometry. 2002. Vol.220(2). P.183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-3806(02)00670-X
16. Van der Burgt P.J. M., McConkey J.W. J. Detection of neutral metastable fragments from elec-tron-impact on argon clusters. Chem. Phys. 1995. Vol.102. 8414-23. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.468832
17. Bobbert C., Schütte S., Steinbach C., Buck U. Fragmentation and reliable size distributions of large ammonia and water clusters Eur. Phys. J.D. 2002. Vol.19. P.183-192. DOI:10.1140/EPJD/E20020070
18. B. A. Smirnov, Generation of Cluster Beams. UFN, 2003, Vol. 173, No. 6, pp. 609-648. DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0173.200306b.0609
19. Kappes M, Leutwyler S "Molecular beams of clusters", in Atomic and Molecular Beam Meth-ods Vol. 1 (Ed. G Scoles) (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988) p. 380
20. Haberland H (Ed.) Clusters of Atoms and Molecules: Theory, Experiment, and Clysters of At-oms (Springer Series in Chemical Physics, Vol. 52) (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1994) https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-642-84329-7
21. Kondow T, Kaya K, Terasaki A (Eds) Structure and Dynamics of Clusters (Frontiers Science Ser., Vol. 16) (Tokyo: Univ. Acad. Press, 1996)
22. Makarov G.N. cluster temperature. Methods for its measurement and stabilization. Advances in the physical sciences. 2008. V.178. No. 4. pp.337-376. DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0178.200804a.0337
23. Harnes J., Winkler M., Lindblad A., L J Sæthre, Børve K J. Size of free neutral CO2 clusters from carbon 1s ionization energies J. Chem. Phys. 2011. Vol.115(38), P.10408-15. DOI: 10.1021/jp206329m
24. Skovorodko P. A. About the Nature of the Recirculation Zone Behind a Mach Disk in an Un-derexpanded Jet AIP Conference Proceedings. 2011. Vol. 1333, P. 601-606. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3562713
25. Zarvin A.E., Yaskin A.S., Kalyada V.V., Ezdin B.S. On the structure of a supersonic jet under conditions of developed condensation. PZhTF. 2015. V.41. Issue. 22. S. 74-81.
26. Zarvin A.E., Yaskin A.S., Kalyada V.V. Influence of condensation on the dimensions of strongly underexpanded jets when outflowing into a rarefied flooded space. PMTF. 2018. V.59. No. 1. P. 99-106. DOI: 10.15372/PMTF20180111;
27. Dubrovin K.A., Zarvin A.E., Kalyada V.V., Khudozhitkov V.E., Yaskin A.S. Investigation of the flow structure on a small-sized gas-dynamic complex: Identification of a secondary flow during the outflow of a clasted supersonic jet into a rarefied space. PMTF. 2018. V.59. No. 5. P.48-58. 10.15372/PMTF20180506
28. Dubrovin K.A., Zarvin A.E., Kalyada V.V., Yaskin A.S. Reasons for the glow of the anomalous secondary flow in supersonic clustered jets excited by a high-voltage electron beam. Letters to ZhTF. 2020. V.46. Issue. 7. S.32-35. DOI: 10.21883/PJTF.2020.07.49217.18011.
29. Dubrovin K.A., Zarvin A.E., Yaskin A.S., Kalyada V.V. Influence of condensation on the dimensions of supersonic flows. Letters to ZhTF, 2022, volume 48, no. 12, p. 36-39. DOI: 10.21883/PJTF.2022.12.52677.19215
30. Dubrovin K.A., Zarvin A.E., Rebrov A.K., Konstantinov S. E, Borynyak K, I, Yaskin A, S., Kalyada V V. Radiation of argon clustered flow particles outside the exciting electron beam. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2021. Vol. 2119. 012118.DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/2119/1/012118
31. Zarvin A.E., Kalyada V.V., Madirbaev V.Zh., Korobeishchikov N., Khodakov M., Yaskin A. S., Khudozhitkov V. E., Gimelshein S. Condensable Supersonic Jet Facility for Analyzes of Trans-sient Low-Temperature Gas Kinetics and Plasma Chemistry of Hydrocarbons. IEEE Trans. Pl. sci. 2017. Vol.45. P.819–27. DOI:10.1109/TPS.2017.2682901
32 Gochberg A. Electron beam fluorescence methods in hypersonic aerothermodynamics. Prog. Aerospace Sci. 1997. Vol.33, P.431-480. DOI:10.1016/S0376-0421(97)00002-X
33. Mohamed A.K., Bonnet J., Larigaldie S., Pot T., Soutadé J., Diop B. Electron Beam Fluores-cence in Hypersonic. Facilities Aerospace Lab. 2009 Vol.1, AL01-08. Al1-08.pdf (onera.fr)
34. Kazakov V.V., Kazakov V.G., Kovalev V.S., Meshkov O.I., Yatsenko A.S. Electronic structure of atoms: atomic spectroscopy information system. Physica Scripta. 2017. 92: 105002. DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/aa822e
35. Zarvin A., Madirbaev V., Dubrovin K., Yaskin A. Analysis of the reasons for the inverse population of atomic argon levels in condensing supersonic mixture flows Physicochemical kinetics in gas dynamics. 2022. V.23, issue. 3. http://chemphys.edu.ru/issues/2022-23-3/articles/994/
DOI: http://doi.org/10.33257/PhChGD.23.3.994
36. J. A. Smith and J. F. Driscoll. The electron-beam fluorescence technique for measurements in hypersonic turbulent flows // J. Fluid Mech. 1975. V. 72. Part 4. P. 695-719.